Join the conversation between Garrett Moon of Moon Family Farms in the Horse Heaven Hills,
WA and Dr. Garett Heineck, Cropping Systems Agronomist with the USDA-ARS CAF LTAR
network research program. The interview dives into how they are working together on the farm
to answer questions about the ‘down-side production potential’ of perennial wheatgrass Kernza,
cover crops, and mapping cheatgrass in a region where fog counts as significant precipitation.
What are they measuring and what data matters from the research side and on the working
farm – and how are they making it work?
Garett Heineck
I will say though, regardless of whatever alpha you set.
Doing the research, I kind of harkening back to what Garrett Moon was saying earlier, you can have all of the knowledge in the world of statistics and textbook knowledge of what cropping systems could, should, would be.
But the wisdom that comes from experiences is not something you can, you can easily obtain, or is replaceable with that knowledge, you have to build those skills and experiences.
I guess to, as you would like me to rethread back in the statistics, the statistical tools are just something that we use, I like to use just to help discuss what we’re finding.
For example, I work with a very good statistician. He does our remote sensing work out here and he’ll use things like Bayesian hierarchical model, there’s a big word.
That’s a fun one. But at the end of the day, he comes back to me and then I go to Garrett, right asking like what does all this mean.
And, you know, sometimes I have a good answer for him, sometimesI don’t. And it’s in those conversations that we find relevant applications for the statistical analysis that we do have at our, disposal, just as we.
You might utilize statistics and the experimental design to figure out is kernza or any any wheatgrass grown for kernza going to work or what cover crops might work.
And the statistics is just a way to help us again get to a conclusion that we can all agree upon faster without less, less debate, although I find that to be less of a problem for farmers.
Usually we have pretty good conversations. We usually do.
Carol McFarland
Well, and you’re talking about coming back and, you know, talking with Garrett about like this is the data we found, the way you’re talking about it, about your experiential knowledge.
I mean nothing beats the depth of site specific knowledge, I think, that you get from farming this land, especially you know growing up here and really being part of it. I bet you guys do have some good conversations.
Garrett Moon
We do and I think what I love about farming is there’s an endless series of puzzles that you get to solve, and the clues, especially in the dry country. You never know when they’re going to come up.
You never know how they’re going to come up.
But there’s things that I’ll see there’ll be a problem, or sometimes something that worked out well and you don’t know why.
You turn it over in your head and you think about it and you put it aside and then some other piece of information comes in six months or six years later, and you pick it back up and then once in a while, it will just all click in, and you will see the why and that’s a beautiful feeling.
And the what’s cool about this relationship that we have is to be able to to bring him in when I’m in the middle of one of those processes and to to have a problem that I’m wrestling with or something that’s of that same thread and then to have him use the tools that he has to to help me to have another mind look at it and come up with some kind of solution.
Carol McFarland
So having the different perspectives at the table really makes for a richer conversation, I think.
Garrett Moon
Absolutely. Yeah, it’s almost. I think you had mentioned the LTAR, which is national LTAR not the LTARE, which is similar nature but anyways,
Carol McFarland
LTARE is state.
Garrett Moon
LTARE is state. Yes, we shouldn’t get that. We shouldn’t get that confused.
Carol McFarland
Part of the Washington Soil Health Initiative and in Washington State, which is different than the national as you said USDA, ARS.
Garrett Moon
And interestingly enough, the LTAR is really interested in this. And just to give you a little background, the Cook Agronomy Farm is a physical farm. It’s located just north of Pullman. And, but the Cook LTAR extends across the entire region that I mentioned at the beginning of the podcast is Eastern Washington, Northeast Oregon, Northern Idaho, it’s a big area, encompasses the Horse Heaven Hills.
And it’s a national group and the national leaders are very interested in the co-innovation of research. What does that mean? They know right that they want that and it’s a very good thing to investigate.
But it cannot be done without these kinds of conversations occurring over and over and over again and iteratively to try to get at how do we solve some of these problems and actually to be honest, to even ask what questions need to be answered.
What are you trying to do here?
So that’s part of I feel my role is in the LTAR is getting out there, meeting with farmers. That’s what I like to do anyways, which is great. It all works together.
So this is a it’s a great interface for me and hopefully that by extension will be assisting the greater LTAR network as well.
Carol McFarland
So, as you’re talking about the LTAR network and the Cook Agronomy Farm, you know, as you were threading through some of the conversations about statistics, I wanted to just circle back a little bit to how does the on-farm research here come together with some of maybe the other work you’re doing both on the Cook Agronomy Farm and, you know,
maybe other plot work that you have going on at the other kind of more research level farming. So how does it fit together?
Garett Heineck
Absolutely. And Carol, even you and I have had a lot of good conversations about how do we even conceptualize this as a continuum lab work to small plot work on research farms to larger scale research on research farms and moving into the on-farm research realm.
There’s all sorts of different ways we can conduct research that will assist, hopefully assist farmers in increasing their profitability and sustainability.
As far as how does my work interface with the Cook Farm? I think it just extends its applicability.
We have a massive rain gradient, we’ve got massive differences in soil type and depth across this region, without extending the network of research sites, and then by extension, the number of questions we’re trying to answer because the questions always change with the region.
The LTAR is just Cook Farm, right? Pullman, Washington is not the Horse Heaven Hills, is not Mansfield, is not Davenport, right? It’s not Lind. They’re all unique and special in their own way and they’ll have different needs that need to be addressed.
And my job is to thread those questions in a way that we can deploy research in a unified manner to answer those individual questions but still meet the needs of the overarching goal of the Cook LTAR.
And so that’s been really an interesting challenge for me. And I don’t know if I’m getting it right yet, but I’m going to keep at it, that’s for sure.
Carol McFarland
The fun thing about working in Ag is there’s a lot of adaptive management, and I think that on all of our parts.
Garett Heineck
So thus far, certainly I’ve learned more from Garrett Moon than Garrett Moon has learned from Garett Heineck.
And Garrett Moon, of course I know that you could probably have your own solo podcast episode on your own on-farm trials really easily. But if you could maybe just briefly talk about a few of the things that you have that you’re trying kind of more independently on your farm.
And how does this kind of co-production of research fit into the rest of your research portfolio on your farm?
Garrett Moon
So on our own farm, we have tried many things over the years. We have been using a stripper header. That’s been 100% of what we’ve harvested up until recently.
We, as I said, have switched where we’re doing all no-till. We have trialed different types of grains. We’ve grown Triticale. I’ve grown some heirloom wheat, some white Sonora, which is an old Spanish variety.
I’ve tried to find some specialty market things with spelt and others. And so it’s been a little bit of things we’ve tried on the agronomic side and things we’ve tried on the economic side.
Probably one of the things that we’ve pushed for more than some other farms have is attempting to market to where we are working directly with millers and bakers and push that direction.
The Kernza was kind of a natural to do with Garrett because one of the, I think it’s a hard requirement if I’m remembering correctly, is they want to make sure that there’s a market for it if it does become a marketable amount.
And so we’ve got some bakers that we work with that are interested in that. We work with some malters and we sell some product to them.
So Kernza and things like that fall into the realm of things that I’m looking to do because there’s potentially higher value for a farm like ours than just to grow commodity wheat.
Carol McFarland
Yeah, I heard a little bit more about your direct marketing adventures on the Artisan Grain podcast.
Garrett Moon
And they are adventures.
Carol McFarland
And like I said, it probably warrants even more of its own podcast episode.
But thanks for sharing some of that.
And just to expand maybe a little bit on your interest in Kernza.
So it sounds like part of your interest in Kernza is on this more kind of regional marketing side.
But what are some of the other potential benefits you see in exploring Kernza?
Garrett Moon
Garrett Moon
I think Kernza fits well with the philosophy and the thing that I’ve picked up with farming here that the more I can copy what the plants that live in this area do in their life cycle, the more successful I’m likely to be.
And so the native grasses that lived here before we were farming it and that we still have here, they follow a water and growth and dormancy cycle that allows them to survive here. And Kernza has a similar, it’s not exactly the same, but it’s got what I believe a similar ability to do that.
And so I’ve watched the native grass, I knew about Kernza and I’ve wondered if there was a model that we could bring together there where we grew Kernza under a similar type of circumstance.
And even if we didn’t harvest a tremendous amount of grain, we would harvest high value grain.
And we would also be able to potentially eliminate the fallow period and not fight with the weeds.
And all of that put together would come up with something that might make us more money per acre than growing grain that yielded better.
So that was the thinking coming into this experiment and the hope that we could pull something off like that. But of course, all that remains to be seen.
Carol McFarland
Excellent. Thanks for sharing that. I’m kind of interested in the ability of perennials generally to scavenge water in such a dry land environment.
Garrett, would you like to maybe elaborate a little bit more on some of the potential benefits you see about growing Kernza in this region?
Garret Heineck
Oh, absolutely. I don’t have any hard numbers in my mind right now.
I can say that I did have, I was tracking water down to a little over four feet in spring wheat, in fallow, and in the perennial Kernza plots.
And I will say that the wheat actually seems…I mean, it really draws down all the water in the surface profile.
The Kernza, however, does seem to be pulling a little bit more water deeper in the profile. No quotes on hard numbers here can be provided. But that’s something that I’ll be increasing my vigilance on, is what, getting more tubes in the ground so I can see what’s going on. Certainly, it is interesting.
I, again, don’t have the data to say this per se.
In the Palouse, it is quite apparent though, the plants are scavenging nitrogen from deep down in the profile. So if you’re over applying nitrogen, and you’ve got, to be honest, in the horse head, it’s probably just going to take longer to find this out, because they have to just, they have to establish themselves, it’s taking quite a bit longer, and that’s just the nature of the beast.
But we might be able to scavenge more nitrogen that’s been left over from year after year of annual cropping, which I think will be interesting.
Garrett Moon
I think they’ll get there.
Garett Heineck
Yeah, it’ll be interesting to see that. So that’s actually, now we have like another interesting idea that we can think about, right? How are we going to measure that? I don’t know for sure.
First, we have to figure out where they’re actually getting their water from, I guess, and empirically determine that.
Garrett Moon
Always more questions.
Garett Heineck
Oh boy, here we go.
Carol McFarland
Oh man, that’s a fun one.
But yeah, if it can scavenge nitrogen, especially with the variability of the cost of nitrogen, gosh, wouldn’t that be nice to pick up some of this stuff rather than just leaving it down in the profile?
Garrett Moon
Yeah, to lose it out the bottom. That’s what no one wants.
Garett Heineck
Also, too, like to talk about other alternative grains, we’re still, you know, you and I are still going after other ideas. I think so most of our grasses now we’ve been talking about are all C photosynthetic pathways or cool season grasses. But what if we switched over to C grasses, plant them later?They can handle a lot more heat.
They might even be able to draw down the water further than wheat plant could write something like Teff or Sorghum or millet and therefore compete better perhaps with Russian thistle. I don’t know.
Garrett
They would, I think. And we’ve played with that so far again, unsuccessfully when in the case of the Teff. But that’s true. Anything that we can have on the fallow field, especially during the early part of the season when the broadleaf weeds that we struggle with are just monsters, just to have some competition there. And I know in places that are just a little bit wetter than ours, they’ve come up with cropping cycles wherethey eliminate the fallow some of the time and they go into like a three year cropping cycle that has fallow for part of it. And that, I think, is what we’re working up to is finding the basic questions of what will even grow because that’s always a challenge in Horse Heaven. And when is your best shot to get it to grow, which is the next question that follows. And then once we’ve achieved those more elementary building blocks, then we can maybe build some type of rotation out of that.
Carol McFarland
That actually lends itself toward one of the questions that I’d like to follow up on, Garrett, is you know, what out of the research you guys have done so far, have you found anything that’s kind of more immediately actionable that you’ve been applying more broadly to your farm? It’s okay if it’s not.
Garrett Moon
Yeah, it’s a good question. I’m trying to think, you know.
Garett Heineck
This is very good. Let’s get it all on the table here.
Garrett Moon
You learn much from the failures and we’ve had a lot of those and we’ve failed forward.
So those have all been good information that has allowed us to build some things that have worked.
I think some of the pleasant surprises we’ve had have been the cover crops, the mix you put in this season, the sorghum, which did phenomenally well. I did not expect it to do that well.
And also the peas and oats. Oats did extremely well.
And I think there’s some things that we can take and experiment with seeding dates and times and rates. And we can build on those and potentially find some covers that do work well for us.
Carol McFarland
Nice. So are these trials, like are you getting ideas to try on your own out of this research too?Is that what I’m hearing?
Garett Heineck
I am. It’s all too risky for them.
Carol McFarland
I mean, yeah, you’re definitely on a pretty fine edge out here. I think an example would be on the sorghum and the covers. So there’s NRCS programs where farmers can get some cost share on cover cropping. And if sorghum, I haven’t looked into this yet, but if sorghum is something that we could put on the list and they would approve that as a as a as a species, that’s something that that I now have information that I would ask for because I know it’s going to do well. And if I’m going to cover crop, I want to try to get things that are actually going to come out of the ground instead of just putting seed in and watching nothing happen.
Carol McFarland
That’s no fun. All right. at the risk of kind of getting repetitive, but also, you know, maybe building on some of the past conversation that we’ve had today, would you each describe the potential benefits and maybe some of the challenges of on-farm experimentation collaborations between farmers and researchers?
I know for me in scheduling this podcast, trying to get all three of our schedules to coordinate with one of the big challenges. What do you guys think?
Garrett Moon
I think the benefits for me is it is whatever the data is, good, bad or otherwise, it is absolutely relevant to my farm because that’s always been one of the struggles for us in horse heaven is research, which is done someplace that has more water than here, is very often not relevant or relevant. If it is relevant, it’s very blurry where it may be. And we don’t we don’t have a lot of faith in that data.
And so to be able to do on farm trials here, I can get answers to all the questions on my own land.
And that is extremely valuable to me. So that’s probably been one of the biggest pluses.
Garett Heineck
I think for me, one of the well, one of the biggest pluses is that I get to be on-farm, which is where I typically like to be.
And then again, the it gives me access to being able to get data that although it may take more time, it could be more impactful on a on a on a more specific scale.
Right. I was saying before, too, I can do all the work I want, you know, around the main campus and Pullman on the Cook Farm directly.
And that research is going to be super useful for people who live around that area. But you move further west, not that far, really at all. And those data typically become fairly irrelevant. And so in order to do that, we either have to have a lot of research farms all over the place or leverage the folks who have the questions that we should be answering in the first place. So that’s I think a really big, big driving force behind doing on farm research and co innovating with the folks that we’re trying to serve here. So that’s kind of what it’s all about for me.
Carol McFarland
So how will you know if these experiments are asuccess or not? And again, you spoke to some of this, but what are the long term goals for this trial? What’s going to have Garrett Moon deciding, OK, I’m putting a whole bunch of my acres into Kernza or not. Right?
Garrett Moon
It’s a slow process. It’s a slow build. All these things, I think you scale up slowly. Right. And you take them through a few years, some good cycles and some bad cycles so that you have a better understanding of what they’ll do. It’s really no different than when I adopt a new variety of wheat. You don’t want to have something. You don’t want to go big too fast. You don’t want to try something that did really good in a wet year because you haven’t plumbed its downside potential yet. So you don’t want to scale that up and put it in on the whole farm. So I think really it’s just a steady progression with these things.
If the Kernza we find that in year four, year five, it gets to a size where Garrett’s gotten some numbers that suggest we’re going to get reasonable marketable amounts, then we can do some trials.
We can experiment with whatever herbicides or crop care we may need to do with it to make it work on a bigger scale. And then we just expand from there.
Garett Heineck
I like to remind myself a lot of when I’m doing this kind of work and trying to think of what was going to find this useful ever. What am I really doing out here?
Garrett Moon
It’s a good question.
Garett Heineck
There’s a paper that was published. The thing that I’m supposed to be doing, from Bill Schillinger was a number of years ago now, but it’s the title is approximately a hundred and some years of grain fallow in Eastern Washington.
Carol McFarland
Yeah, that was a good one. Yeah. What have we learned and why are we still doing it? And that I remind myself of that.
Garett Heineck
I’ve been here for two years and Garrett Moon is a fourth generation farmer with lots of generational knowledge on his ground. So what is success?
You know, I don’t even know where to begin with how to measure success in the face of if I’m if I’m trying to challenge grain fallow. And an area that’s been doing it for going on well over 100vyears now. Am I going to change that? I don’t know. I don’t know. I suspect not.
But maybe we can nudge it. Maybe we can do a three year rotation instead of a, you know, winter wheat fallow and then and then figure out, you know, maybe tweak that a little bit more.
And then, you know, when I’m really old and gray and so is Garrett Moon, maybe maybe we’ll get there. But there’s it’s just this constant cyclical, you know, trying to figure out right falling, failing forward and reiterating the process and tweaking it just a tad bit.
Garrett Moon
It’s just, it’s very much farming in general. That’s how we look at the whole farm. We’re always trying to look for a better way. You’re looking for efficiencies. You’re looking for increases in production, decreases in cost. And you just try to make improvements on all of those wherever they become apparent.
Carol McFarland
Yeah. Well, and you don’t- you don’t know if you don’t try.
Garrett Moon
Exactly.
Carol McFarland
But I also hear that for you, one of the indicators for, you know, success of Kernza is obtaining a marketable amount. So what about some of the other projects?
How do you know if they’re a success or not?
What kind of metrics are you looking for, both kind of qualitatively and quantitatively?
Garrett Moon
Probably the two big measures for me would be dollars and dirt, really. So on the dollar side, if there’s markets for it, if it makes me more money, if there’s potential markets that are growing, if I think there’s someplace it can go, those those are all the ways. Right. Does it make me more money or does it save me money? That’s an easy measure. On the dirt side, is it better for the ground? Is it protecting the soils from blowing? Is there less risk associated with it?
Does it smooth out some of that risk, some of the curves we have with moisture, those sorts of things?
So those are really the things I’m looking at to answer those questions.
Carol McFarland
Thank you. And I am going to give you a pass on calling it dirt this time because it does sound more poetic.
Garrett Moon
Only in this circumstance, the rest of the time it’s soil.
Carol McFarland
Yes, thank you. How about you, Garrett? What are you, what’s your metrics of success?
Garett Heineck
Oh, Carol, all I care about is publications. No, I don’t know. I, that’s probably something I should reflect on. What is success? I think if I, if success to me was getting any specific crop, be it kernza or anything else on the landscape, having that as an agenda item, I don’t think that is in line with what is reality, nor I do think it’s in line with how I want to conduct my research.
I think it’s great to try it, right, and try it over and over again and answer that question.
But I have no, like, agenda to do so, to like force it onto the landscape. But, or any crop for that.
Carol McFarland
And we can think smaller scale too, like with these plots, like what does success look like?
you know, like, you know,Garrett not kicking you off his farm could be a success metric?
Garrett Moon
It is a measure of success.
Garett Heineck
That’s successful. That’s, I feel successful.
Carol McFarland
You know, and so what, like how do you know with these experiments?
Garett Heineck
So, what is the question? Can’t, on small plots, on small plot acreage, so not on field scale, does kernza establish, grow, does it produce grain, and if so, how much? Any number of those steps along the way could, like, reduce its viability and success on the landscape. But even if it doesn’t pass all those tests, it’s still answering the question, right?
And the only way to answer that question is to do it over and over and over and over again, right, for three to five years. So, that’s the answer to the question, your question, and the kernza question.
Carol McFarland
Well, and how about some of the other projects? You know, I mean, the proximal sensing of weed mapping and the cover crops, you know, for you, what are the metrics of success aside from, of course, your number of publications?
Garett Heineck
Yeah, oh boy. So, I think it’s the same thing to have, and to go back to, like, our conversations that Garrett and I have and Carol, you and I have, we need to define a good question. And if there is a good question, then think about that question enough to develop a testable hypothesis. And any good hypothesis, if approached properly, should be able to be rejected or failed to be rejected, and that is answering the question. So, if we try to bite off more than we can chew, take too big of a question, or have hypotheses that are not realistically solvable, then, in the end of the day, we will have a hard time answering that question. But if not, we are failing forward or succeeding, right?
So, yeah, I think that’s maybe the moral of that rambling story would be… Ask good questions.
To ask careful questions and think about your hypotheses and make sure they’re in line with reality, which really comes down to having good conversations about what you’re trying to do.
Carol McFarland
I can get behind that one. So, what’s the most annoying thing about working with a researcher?
Garrett Moon
I mean, really, everything’s been pretty straightforward. We have a good personality match. We talk through this stuff. So, I mean, in earnestness, there’s no real problems. I think the more amusing one, and I alluded to it earlier, is just as a farmer, you want to treat fields as blocks.
And as a researcher, we’re perpetually going to be at odds because he’s got to have control. He’s got to have the control blocks, control spots, whatever you want to call them. And so that’s just going to be un-reconcilable, I think.
Carol McFarland
Well, that’ll happen. How about you, Garrett? What’s the most annoying thing about working with a farmer?
Garett Heineck
Oh, my gosh. That was fascinating, Garrett. Thank you.
Carol McFarland
Is it when he doesn’t turn off his sprayer?
Garett Heineck
That was mostly just a joke. That was a fun day. Also, that could probably be right up there in the most annoying things. I’m just like, we can’t just seed that all the same way. We have to put it here, there, and in a randomized fashion. But that’s the reality of doing business, right? There’s realities that we have to acknowledge, and I’m okay with that.
Garrett Moon
Yeah. And likewise.
Garett Heineck
We’re okay with that.
Carol McFarland
Well, obviously the ROI is still working out for both of you because you’re still here on the farm. So there’s that success picture.
Garett Heineck
You see, I’m tucked away right over there, Carol. He sequesters me, so I can’t do as much damage that way.
Carol McFarland
Now, is that your best ground or your worst ground?
Garrett Moon
It’s actually pretty good.
Carol McFarland
Nice.
Garrett Moon
And it works out pretty well because it’s very good ground, but it’s in a weird, tight spot. So it’s perfect for him to let him have that.
Carol McFarland
I’m so glad that you guys have found that synergy.
Garett Heineck
Next to the yard, I can get stuff in and out easily. It’s nice. I’ve got one more thing though.
Carol McFarland
Okay.
Garett Heineck
Real quick. So the most annoying thing to me probably is not our constant back and forth on replication, randomization, and local control. My most annoying thing probably is, to be perfectly honest, the lack of working knowledge and not understanding the ground.
And this goes for anywhere that I’m doing work. It’s like, ugh, like how patient do I need to be like year after year to like, before I understand what the heck is going on around here. I’m constantly asking, is this normal? Should we be having more rain? This seems like not enough rain. He’s like, no, it’s all right. I’m like, all right. Seems like not very much.
Carol McFarland
Is it fair that he’s answering this, being annoyed with himself?
Garrett Moon
He’s a nice guy. What can we say?
Garett Heineck
All right. I am from Wisconsin.
Carol McFarland
No, I know. I have a real special affinity, as they say, for folks that say you betcha in earnest. And you’re one of those, Garrett. So what’s the most fun thing about working with a farmer?
Garett Heineck
Oh, I guess that’s for me, isn’t it?
Carol McFarland
That is for you, yep.
Garret Heineck
The most fun thing about working with a farmer? I think having a real conversation, I think that that’s good. It’s easy to have conversations with farmers. And I hope Garrett likes talking with me. We have been doing well so far. Oftentimes, I guess this is going to be on the air, but I’ll say it anyway. Oftentimes you get, we get pigeonholed, right? And we get stuck into having to follow agendas. And that happens less, I think, out here. B ecause you get that diverse array of what the needs are, what the questions are. It’s not just like someone who’s been working on something for 20 years and they have an agenda to follow that path. And you’re able to really expand your horizons a little bit more just by nature of having the interaction. So that’s what I think I really like, not to say that I don’t also like working with other folks in research, obviously I do. But I do find that it really broadens your perspectives, I guess.
Carol McFarland
Oh, that’s awesome. Well, there’s that co-production of knowledge and innovation. Garrett, what’s the most fun thing about working with a researcher?
Garrett Moon
I think from my perspective, it’s nice to have, it’s nice to have another mind on these problems because as a farmer, you’re usually by yourself. Outside of, you know, convention season when we talk to and can broach some of these problems with other growers, you don’t have a lot of people to bounce things off of.
So you’ve got problems in the fields, you’ve got things that you’re wrestling with, you’ve got things that you don’t understand, and it’s just you. So it’s nice to have somebody else that’s knowledgeable and can bring another skill set to bear that you can talk to about these things and bounce ideas off of. And they’re interested in them and they care and they want to take that in and help you investigate it. So that’s a good place to be.
Carol McFarland
Garrett, doesn’t it sound like he should come to the Soil Health Coffee Hour?
Garett Heineck
Oh, yes, of course. I need to be going to the Soil Health Coffee Hour.
Carol McFarland
You do, you do good. But, well, I just want to say thank you so much to you both for doing this work, exploring the potential, even if it is the downside potential sometimes of our region’s cropping systems and the innovation for this region and of course to share it with our listeners. We look forward to hearing more as your work progresses.
Garrett Moon
Thank you.
Garett Heineck
Thank you for having us on.
Carol McFarland
Thanks so much again for having me out to the farm on this beautiful fall day.